Carroway Clothing Essay

Re: Current accounting issues, employment benefits and financing options. Thank you for the opportunity to address the current accounting issues, employment benefits and financing options facing Carroway Clothing Limited (CCL) 1. SR& ED and Development costs treatment: In reviewing the financial statements it appears that the development costs and SR&ED treatment may not have been recorded appropriately. The SR&ED are tax credits to be used towards taxable income and should not have been recorded as government grants. Since CCL may not have needed them in the initial years, it can use SR&ED tax credits against taxable income in the future. It is necessary to identify all SR$ERD activities for proper recording practices so that the credits generated by the SR&ED can be used against future income. The $975,000 development costs can be expensed or capitalized depending on if the following criteria are met The project is technically feasible CCL intends of complete the project CCL has the ability to use or sell the product There is probability of future economic benefit will be generated Availability of adequate technical and financial recourses CCL has the ability to measure reliably the expenditures attribute to it. Since the Walton Work Wear line is in the production stage, its accumulated development costs should be capitalized. The Carroway Cool Top has not started it commercial production which would allow the development costs not to be amortized yet. Also interest costs on loans to generate financing for the R&D activates of a product can be capitalized rather than expensed. The capitalization of interest would allow CCL to reduce taxable income in the future when it is more profitable. I would recommend that CCL make the above changes immediately so that the financail statements are not incorrect. These changes would help CCL reduce its future taxable income when it may be more profitable. 2. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. CCL currently has no allowance for bad debts. Even though CCL does not have issue with uncollectible, having an allowance account will provide CCL with the ability to write off debts such as the disputed shipment. Without being able to write off the shipment, will leave the Accounts Receivables overstated, which in turn leads to misstated financial statements. Having an AFDA would allow CCL to record the sale but also recognise that they do not expect payment from the client. Leaving this account on the accounts receivable would be misleading to CCL’s stakeholders as it would lead them to believe that CCL is expecting to receive the cash in the near future. IF in the future, the dispute is resolved and the payment is received, CCL can recover the bad debt at that time. I would recommend that CCL create a policy regarding Accounts Receivables immediately. The method for determining the bad debt amount should be determined by CCL management. Methods such a percentage of sales or a percentage of Account Receivables can be used. Whichever method is chosen, it should be consistent from year to year and the amount should be reasonable. 3. Long Term Debt or Initial Public offering. CCL is currently looking at an initial public offering (IPO) and long term debt as two options to help finance the new research and development (R&D) of new products. The bank loan can provided financial stability but will have the interest repaid over a longer time is higher and would be tax deductible. Banks may require financial statements that are audited. CCL will need to be able to prove that it can repay the loan as well as the interest. It may also be required to maintain a debt to equity ratio that may prevent it from taking advantage of other opportunities in the future. An IPO offering has the potential to increase capital which would improve financial rations such as the debt to equity. The increased cash flow will help CCL pay it current payables and reduce debt by negotiating better interest rates in the future. The disadvantage to an IPO would be the potential to lose control over the company and having to be more accountable to other investors. The IPO would also require the financial statement and note disclosure to conform to more stringent requirements, which increase the cost of producing the financial statements. Financial statements will need to follow IFRS and securities regulators generally require 3 years of annual audited financials. It should also be noted that there is a significant cost to offering an IPO and it can be difficult to evaluate the stock price of the shares. I would recommend that CCL consider the IPO as a viable on to its financing issue as it will be more beneficial in the long term. The change from ASPE to IFRS will be a short term challenge but can be overcome with appropriate professional assistance. I would highly recommend that CCL seek the opinion and assistance of a professional who deals with IPO’s. 4. Employee Stock Options. CCL is considering providing employees stock options as a way to reward its employees. As a CCPC, CCL will have no tax consequence for the employees receiving the stock options until they dispose of the shares. The amount taxed as employment income in the year of disposal is the difference between the option price and the FMV of the shares at the time of the option was exercised. The employee may be able to claim a deduction from taxable income equal to half this amount if the shares were worth less than the exercise price when the option was issued or the employee hold the shares for at least two years before selling the shares. There are many alternatives to rewarding employees besides cash bonuses and stock options. Options can range from published recognition to merchandise such as shirts that the company makes. Time off with pay can also work to  motivate employees for hard work. I would recommend that CCL consider alternatives such as free products and time off as these will be less costly to provide than the stock options. Doing an employee survey would provide feedback to the rewards that the employees would value most. 5. Legal issues CCL is currently facing a pending lawsuit regarding a chemical leak and the non-compliance with environmental regulations. When both of the following conditions are met the amount of the contingent loss must be accrued. Disclosure will be need if the following conditions are met: The likely hood that the verdict will be against CCL A reasonable estimate of the amount o f the lawsuit can be made. The lawsuit may also lead customers and the public to believe that CCL acted negligently. This will reflect poorly on CCL and may lead to decreased sales and a damaged reputation If there is no accrual, there should be disclosure in the financial notes, stating the nature of the contingency, estimate of the amount or that an estimate cannot be made and exposure to loss in excess of the amount accrued. If CCL does not disclose, it would be misleading to the financial statement user. I would recommend that CCL consult with their legal advisors immediately to determine the likelihood of a lawsuit and the potential liabilities. Also, CCL should be prepared to address the negative publicity that the lawsuit may create. Should you require further clarification on any matters, please do not hesitate to contact me.

My Father, the Person I Admire the Most Essay

I admire a lot of people people but the person i admire the most is my mother .She is the most important person in my life.There is no reason for me to live without her by my side. My mom is a doctor. She loved to help other because she says it was her dream when she was a child. She works hard every day and she likes to learn something new every day. She leads a wonderful family life, she is always cheerful and happy. She has been married for 40 years. Read more: Essay someone I admire I admire her because she is very intelligent, ambitious and she has many goals in her life. She takes care of us because she loves us. She is also wonderful mother, very patient, sensitive and warm-hearted. She knows answers to every question, even those very silly. Being so patient and sensible, she even helps others to solve their problems. She is great fun to be with because she has a great sense of humor. My mother has many talents. She is a great runner,a good singer. Generally, Mum is a warm and friendly person. She is very patient and careful with everything that she does. She never lets social life get in the way of relationship with our. She says that family is the most important things in her life. She is very important to me, because she teaches me to be a better person every day. She is a good example to me and I love her for many more reasons. I admire my mom so much and I love her. She can always advise me. She wants the best things for our family .I want to be like her when i grow up and even if we were were a thousand miles away our hearts will always be together and forever.

The nature of general tortious liability comparing and contrasting to Essay

The nature of general tortious liability comparing and contrasting to contractual liability - Essay Example The paper tells that the similarity between general tortuous liability and contractual liability is that both give rise to actionable demands in a court of law, and both, if adequately proven, entitle the plaintiff to damages from the defendant. The main difference between general tortuous liability and contractual liability is that the latter is strictly voluntary, in that the parties by mutual consent, agree to bind themselves to certain obligations to each other, and be liable for damages in case of breach. These obligations are stipulated in a contract that shall be the law between the parties. For there to be a valid contract, there must be a meeting of the minds, i.e., an intent to create legal relations, an offer and acceptance, and mutual consideration and the parties must be capacitated to enter into the contract. One of the classical and enduring cases of contract law is the case of Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball EWCA Civ 1. In this case, a company had come out with an adve rtisement challenging readers to use Carbolic Smoke Ball to prevent Influenza. It said that if used according to instructions, the user would not be susceptible to Influenza anymore, and if he still contracted the disease, the company would pay him 100 pounds. When a claimant came out, the company refused to pay, saying that there was no intent to create legal relations. In finding against the company, the court held that a valid and legally enforceable contract existed. In a situation where a valid contract existed, breach of it would constitute contractual liability. For example, in a contract of the sale of apples of a certain quality, if an inferior quality was delivered, it can be said that a contractual liability is created. In contrast, tortuous liability does not attach by reason of contract, but because of a breach of a duty of care. It is quite possible that the defendant may not have been aware of the extent of his liability or may not even know the person to whom he is l iable, quite unlike parties to a contract who are all known to each other. To quote the seminal case of Donoghue v. Stevenson 1932] UKHL 100 (26 May 1932) " You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who then is my neighbour? The answer seems to be - persons who are so directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called in question." After Donoghue, the definition of what constitutes tortuous liability has been refined considerably and has crystallised into a three-way test: proximity (as held in the case of Donoghue), foreseeability, which means that the defendant should have been able to foresee the consequences of his or her actions (Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman and Others [1990] 2 AC 605.), and the test of â€Å"fair, just and reasonable†, recently upheld in the cas e of McFarlane and Another v Tayside Health Board [2000] 2 AC 59. To demonstrate causation in tort law – i.e., to show that the loss caused to the claimant was a result of a breach of duty of care by the defendant – the most simple test is the â€Å"but for† test. But for the defendant’s actions, would the claimant have incurred the loss? This was elucidated first in the case of Barnett v. Chelsea & Kensington Hospital ([1969] 1 QB 428) where a doctor was not held liable for a patient’s death even if he did not examine the latter, because the patient would have died anyway with or without the ministrations of the doctor. However, it must be remembered that one incident can give rise to several claims, and a claimant can elect between a breach of contract claim or a negligence claim involving duty of care1. (Jones, 2000, page 379). Explain the nature of liability in negligence and the concept of vicarious liability (P8 & P9) The nature of

Libertarian and Non-Authoritarian Schooling Systems Essay

Libertarian and Non-Authoritarian Schooling Systems - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that one of the most popular free schools in the UK is Summerhill, formed by A.S Neil in 1924. Today, the school is still witnessing sharp government criticisms and constant inspections, which resulted in a court case in 2000. The White Lion Street Free School is also one of the popular free schools in Britain. This school offers a space where kids can exercise freedom and democracy. The libertarian element of the school is based on the principle of equitable distribution of power. To achieve this objective, there are no distinctions between teachers and workers at school, like maintenance of personnel and chefs. To the proponents of such schools, the process of learning should start with the assessments of the individuals’ needs and objectives, as opposed to the societal demands. The basis of the establishments of free schools is that the students set limits to their own independence and freedom and decide on their own when they will learn and what they need to learn. As a result, this form of schooling usually stands in the way of critical pedagogy. Summerhill School and White Lion Free School are some of the examples of freedom-based schools. Summerhill School is one of the famous free schools in the United Kingdom, formed by A.S Neill in 1924. Today, the school is still being run by the management of Leiston, Neill’s daughter, in spite of the constant government criticisms and scrutiny which resulted in a court case in 2000.

Gestalt revolt Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gestalt revolt - Research Paper Example Thus, psychological considerations of the school were based on a holistic approach, i.e. experience analysis by means of configuration of the whole pattern (Embree). The whole is greater than the sum of its parts, Â ­- this is the main principle for Gestalt psychology. Functionalists made emphasis on experience analysis of an individual on the basis of his attitude to the learning process, because in such a way an individual is getting accustomed for the environment. Structuralists claimed that not the whole, but an element is crucial for the mind’s structure. Their favorite method, introspection, is in contradiction with the methods implied by Gestalt psychologists (Kohler). Thus, Gestalt psychology occurred in 20s in Germany and it was a new vision of psychological analysis. Germans started invading America and attracting the American psychologists. In Germany this school has substituted structuralism and in America it started its struggle against behaviorism, which was ver y popular those days. Thus, popularity of Behaviorism impeded Gestalt psychology from expansion in America. Gestalt psychologists started protesting against behaviorism. The main criticisms of behaviorism made by Gestatltists were reductionist and atomist nature of Behaviorism; artificial associations implied in Behaviorism (S-R) prevented natural development of mental processes (Kohler).

Critically Appraised Topic (CAT) Paper Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critically Appraised Topic (CAT) Paper - Article Example The CEO was also accused of using $31 million to acquire a private jet. These and a host of other problems from the corporate world have been around for long and the result is the reduced employee performance because they do not trust their leaders. This is why leaders from non-profit organizations have the obligation of demonstrating that they are accountable, honest and respectful. Based on the research findings, it seems that only through ethical leadership can charitable organizations in America maintain the trust from the public. To understand the importance of ethical leadership, it is imperative to know how this type of leadership influences employees’ voice in non-profit organizations in America. c) Study Mechanisms: Comparative studies of any study mechanisms examining if leaders in different non-profit organizations in America behave in an ethical manner and their influence on employee freedom. On the left-hand side of the search results page, I selected the box next to the Scholarly (Peer Reviewed) journals limiter and updated my results. In some cases, I was able to find the journal articles. However, in some cases, I was not able to obtain the full text of the article. To obtain the full text of the article, I first clicked on the Find It tab button in the articles record. By doing this, I was directed to the Find It window that indicates that the full-text article was not available from any of the UMUC librarys databases. Nonetheless, it meant that I could use the Librarys DocumentExpress service to request a PDF. While I started synthesizing the evidences from the searches, I explored evidences based on Evidence-Based management’s suggestion (2014), which involves asking, acquiring, appraising, aggregating, applying, and assessing. I did this with the aim of enhancing the chance to support my research context and get the evidence that could answer my

Communication in Security Settings Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Communication in Security Settings Paper - Essay Example If they will use negative attitude instead of positive then it can create a trouble for them. Effective communication is the combined harmony of verbal and nonverbal behavior. NONVERBAL behavior can be explained as anything other than words themselves that communicates or affects (positively or negatively) the message "contained" in the words. Nonverbal communication contains body motion, facial expressions and eye movement. FACIAL EXPRESSION: While listening to a person you should ahead to indicate that you understand and is in agreement with the speaker. You glance away or yawn to signify that you are uninterested or would like for the speaker to discontinue talking. EYE MOVEMENT: Direct eye contact is necessary in the public to show a self-confident, truthful character. Most people find it hard to look at someone in the eyes when they are conversing with them. Straight eye contact can be anxiety-provoking and on a circumstance can reason some persons to lose their train of thinking. The answer is to focus your eyes someplace else on the face. For example, you can keep your eyes stuck to the persons nose, mouth, or ear. As long as your focus is within eight inches of the nose, the other individual will not be able to tell that you are not watching him or her directly in the eyes. When you are communicating with your sender or receiver you should be confident that there is no contest for your attention like thrilling things going on nearby or other people chatting (cell phones, IMs, chat rooms, email, etc.) Occasionally there is case that its hard to communicate simply because you cannot send or receive the message. Earsplitting noises can block communication, and so can stuff like lost phone signals and computers not being capable to interface. Sometimes the sender uses vocabulary that the receiver does not recognize,. Try to use

Comments on ideology, class, structure and agency as used in media Assignment

Comments on ideology, class, structure and agency as used in media studies - Assignment Example The audience of Jeremy Kyle show is a group of people who share the same problem as those presented by the guests. The show offers relief and introduces anxiety by presenting and discussing a problem that the audiences can potentially identify as opposed to guests’ assumptions that the viewers are not familiar with the problems. In other words, specialist guests represent the voice of audience’s own commentary, which is unexpressed, creating a sense of superiority being and viewer’s ideology continually reaffirmed and articulated (Barwise & Gordon, 2002 p207). Therefore, it is evident that both the programme and its viewers share common ideological message. I feel that sponsorship and advertising of this Jeremy Kyle show undermines the programme’s message. The sponsors of this programme and its adverts claim that it helps to counsel and rehabilitate couples (guests) yet its ideological stance that is primarily violence and sex, is what is used to reaffirm its moral codes and maintain its audience. According to Kyle, failure of women to attend to their domestic duties and abstinent with a child-bearing role, and men’s failure to use sexual protection method and contraceptives is the source of their problems. Other programmes that share the same ideological message with Jeremy Kyle show include the Jerry Springer Show, Ricky Lake Show and Trisha Goddard Television talk show (Barwise & Gordon, 2002

Culture and Religion - Shrine Pilgrimage in Turkmenistan Essay - 1

Culture and Religion - Shrine Pilgrimage in Turkmenistan - Essay Example These groups find their linkage with four caliphs of Islam. Owlat people are given special respect by tribes of Turkmenistan and their property is inviolable in Turkmenistan. This status of inviolable property has strengthened the Owlat people by ensuring economic stability. Pilgrimage of shrines is the activity that kept people of Turkmenistan on the path of Islam. Despite all the banes of soviet rule on pilgrimage activities, people kept visiting the holy sites because of their emotional and spiritual attachments. After getting the independence from soviet rule, the pilgrimage activities once again flourished in Turkmenistan. Importance of holy activities and their impact on human life and on culture is discussed in detail in paragraphs to follow: Pilgrimage culture prevailed by early tribal settlement in Turkmenistan and this culture and trends were brought by â€Å"Oghuz Khan†. Turkmen follow â€Å"holy groups† known as â€Å"Owlat†. Six Owlet groups are respected according to level of their spiritual powers. These groups find their linkage with four caliphs of Islam and ultimately with Prophet (peace be upon him). Turk people started considering Owlat people for different festivals of life like, marriage, life cycle, cultivation of crops and religious guidance etc. Every important work of human life used to get started with the hands of an Owlat, for the reasons of good end. â€Å"Gonambashi† is the term used for head of a cemetery in Turkmenistan. Gonambashi is the first man buried and around him, other people of community are buried. Gonambashi was respected for its spiritual powers to help people coming to his grave. â€Å"Keramatlier† is another word used during shrine activity that means â€Å"place of miracles†. According to soviet specialists, Muslims of 20th century called themselves â€Å"half Muslims†, because of not following real teachings of Islam. Soviet rule aimed at anti religious

The smoking in ban south dakota Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The smoking in ban south dakota - Essay Example Cancer, heart diseases, cough, fever, head ache etc are some of the major health problems associated with smoking. Recently the state, South Dakota passed a law saying no smoking in bars restaurants or any public place where people work. Majority of the citizens like the law; however the bar and casino owners do not like it since they are losing business because of the law. Moreover, South Dakota is getting lot of tax revenues from gambling. Dead wood South Dakota is a gambling city. After the smoking ban was passed, dead wood has lost about 16% of its annual profits. Now the question is; should the state government give preference to the interests of the public or to the interests of the business people. This paper argues in favour of smoking ban in South Dakota. Dr. ... It is the basic duty of each government to protect the life/health and properties of its citizens. Smoking is one way of destroying the health of the people and the governments have the moral responsibility to ban it or control it with the help of law. At the same time tobacco products are good sources of tax revenues for the governments. Banning of smoking will result in big financial losses to the governments. When we consider the expenses the governments suffer for treating patients suffering from smoking related health problems, the tax revenue from tobacco product selling is negligible. A committed government can never think in terms of revenues at the expense of the health of its citizens. Cigarette smoke contains more than 4,000 chemicals, of which forty-three are known to cause cancer. Among the more toxic chemicals in tobacco are ammonia, arsenic, carbon monoxide, and benzene. Cigarette smoking is now known to cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart disease , stroke, multiple cancers (including lung cancer), and adverse reproductive outcomes. Smoking causes about 21 percent of all deaths from heart disease, 86 percent of deaths from lung cancer, and 81 percent of all deaths from chronic lung disease (SMOKING CESSATION) Smoking in public places not only cause disturbances to the nonsmokers, but also it causes severe health problems also to the nonsmokers due to secondary smoke. Morally it is an injustice that a non smoker became the victim of smokers. It is a fact that people can take their own choices with respect to smoking irrespective of the consequences. At the same time they must ensure that their choices may not do any

Economy versus the Environment Essay Example for Free

Economy versus the Environment Essay Down to Earth by Ted Steinberg highlights the role of nature in US history. Steinberg provides historical events, from minute detail of migrating birds to monumental breaking up of Pangeae, to support his analysis and for readers to fully grasp the course of American history. He maintains that the continuous interaction between human and nature drives them to evolve. But the truth, of course, is that human has tendencies to disregard nature to achieve their ideal standard of living. Moreover, human’s present consumption puts the life of future generation at risk. Long before the European settlement in the region, America’s natural resources were already being threatened. Native American hunters utilized the world around them according to their needs. These early hunters drove mammoths to extinction, as well as the giant ground sloths and other prehistoric species. Many of them used fire to clear landscape which did served their purpose but harmed other plants and animals. Eventually, however, they became gifted stewards of their environment. Their activities, hunting, gathering and farming, were influenced by the cycles of nature. The early exploration dictated by personal consumption quickly followed by exploitation. Migrants poured in pursuit of gold and silver in the English colonies which was abandoned for intensive harvesting of lucrative crops or the trapping of animals. The slang â€Å"buck† for money in America refers to deer hides called buckskins, being exported for glove making and other forms of leather manufacturing. This economic system persists until the end of the colonial period. By mid-1800s, regions were identified by the kind of cash crops they produced. Tobacco, â€Å"King Cotton,† rice from South Carolina lowlands, timber from the virgin forests of the Great Lakes, Texas cattle and wheat from the Great Plains. The system made the nation wealthy but at a devastating cost to biodiversity. Steinberg pointed out that the major factor that brought the ecological change in America is â€Å"putting a price tag on the natural world. † Cities were expanding, farmers were becoming more specialized in their cash crops and companies were pushing for more profits. Nature was transformed to articles of trade. Lumber companies, for instance, led to much deforestation which led to loss of other plants and habitat of animals. The citizens of the US seemed to have a sense of â€Å"ecological amnesia,† oblivious to the effect on nature of ruthless exploitation despite the mounting evidence. Aside from lumber companies, other businesses and industries abused the natural resources for profit to further degrade the environment. A common man specializing in one type of cash crop had to rely on other farmers to provide for the needs not met by his own produce. Rivers where fish used to spawn were dammed and converted to companies’ energy source. Nature was completely ignored in the interest of commerce and industry. As trade and commercialization intensifies so as reliance of everyone on someone else. Economic activity, both production and consumption, relates to the environment in two ways: the environment provides the raw materials for production, and through the process of production and consumption, we emit wastes into the environment (Worster, 1994). However, human wants are limited while resources are finite. Demand always exceeds supply. So what happens now if we continue to strive to obtain more goods and services from our limited supply of non-renewable resources? Our present and future generations are in peril. Economic theories of trade argue that a country should concentrate on trading and producing goods and services where they have the comparative advantage (Krugman Obstfeld, 2008). The comparative advantage in production is achieved if the input that was used is abundant in the country. For instance, labor intensive goods should be traded by countries with large population, while countries should concentrate in producing capital intensive goods if they are abundant in capital. This exactly what the early traders did. They traded according to their comparative advantage, maximized their profit and yes, abused the environment to further their gains. The economic thinking that competitiveness as a function of efficiency of labor and capital is outmoded (Epping, 2001). In other parts of the world, industries are starting to factor in the efficient way of using their natural resources. These efficiencies benefit countries, companies and local communities. Japan and Germany use half the energy input of American industry in their products. Energy represents about 10 percent of the cost of production and so they achieve with their efficiency about a five percent comparative advantage in world markets relative to US goods. The idea is to have a sustainable supply of both non-renewable and renewable resources relative to demand, to use the natural resources in a more efficient way to make the goods and services of a country, a company or a community more competitive in the market. We do not want to be the generation that kills everything. References Epping, Randy Charles (2001). A Beginner’s Guide To World Economy. New York: Random House, Inc. Krugman, P. Obstfeld, M. (2008). International Economics: Theory and Policy. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Steinberg, Ted (2002). Down To Earth (pp. 1-115). New York: Oxford UP. Worster, Donald (1994). Nature’s Economy: The History of Ecological Ideas. United Kingdom: Cambridge UP.

Attachment theory in raising children

Attachment theory in raising children Attachment is the link that forms between the person taking care of an infant and the infant itself from when it is between eight to nine months of age, giving the child security emotionally. Bonding starts from when a child is being given food, and goes on to participating in pseudo-dialogue and then it is followed by the child taking part in more active roles of proto dialogue, as shown by Kaye (1982), other ideas such as inter-subjectivity and scaffolding have been looked into by psychologists. As an infant continues growing, their attention towards the person taking care of them increases. John Bowlby (1958, 1980) founder of the attachment theory was involved in extensive analysis on the emotional link between infants and adults and he had a strong belief that the early relationships greatly determined the emotional and behavioral growth of a child. An earlier study done by Bowlby in 1944 found out that children who had an unstable upbringing where more likely to become juvenile derelicts. His work is often free to criticism and has been improved on with further research. Other following research has measured different levels of security and insecurity in children from early times by use of the method known as Strange Situation Test. Other explorations have also shown different types of the difficult habits and how a child may relate with the person taking care of them actively. Bowlbys theory was founded on ideas from ethology studies and earlier works. The psychodynamic theory as put by Sigmund Freund was very pertinent during the 50s following the Second World War when women were taking up caring for households and playing motherhood roles as men were going back to employment post war. Sigmund believed that every child ought to have a relationship with one caregiver monotropism and that separating from this person would bring about the proximity promoting behaviors in the attachment order. The caregiver coming would cause the behaviors of, clinging, making noise and crying to come to an end. The protected grounds of the affectionate links present between the parent and infant representation becomes part and parcel of the inner working model. These therefore become the heart and the base of all close relationship during continuation of the childs life all through to adulthood. The interference of a mother and childs relationship through lack of emotion, se paration and bereavement to the bonding process. Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation (1951, 1953) was supported by Konrad Lorenz imprinting study on the young ones of animals done in 1966. He believed that the childs caregiver should impress as a constant figure, and that lack of maternal links between mother and child could be dangerous to the childs health mentally and could cause delinquency. His opinions on long term organizational care were that if a child was placed in a foster home before reaching two years and six months social, emotional and cognitive development may not be delayed but his other works show there has been varying types of parting in youth with serious behavioral issues. Attachment behavior as looked into by Mary Ainsworth works (1985 Ainsworth and Bell, 1974 Ainsworth et al 1978) becomes the base for all potential connections and this develops up to two years from the time the child is born. She also agreed with Bowlby on the view that the attachment bonding occurs at the age of two years. Roughly when t he child is seven months old they become watchful of strangers and unknown environments. This continues until the child attains two years of age. The process Ainsworth (1969) investigated to determine if a child was securely or insecurely connected was the strange situation paradigm. This involved a series of short separations and reunions. The childs parent and a person unknown to the child took part in the study with a child aged one year, there were eight series in total and Ainsworths measurement on secure and insecure connection was founded on the reunion scene of how the child reacted in such a situation. Evaluation was carried out using four different variables. The results showed that there were three main varying styles of adjusting. Type A was the anxious/avoidant. Type B secure and Type C was the anxious /ambivalent. Most children showed secure attachment; one fifth of them showed anxious/avoidant and one tenth showed anxious/ambivalent. Main and Solomon (1990) introduced yet another variable, D Type: which in recent times was disorganized to match the behaviors of children in risky environments. The strange situation paradigm, has been faulted by Judy Dunn (1982, 1983), she believed that children from varying backgrounds like institutional care and those living with their families may bring different meanings to the test and the childs environment. The method and results of the experiment are doubted even by Judy Dunn herself. In another study carried out by Richman in 1982 et al it showed that different dangerous factors of disturbed behavior can be evident from the time a child is three years old. Some of the factors known to influence a childs emotional development are the mothers mental state, marital stability and the parents attitudes to the child. The childs active part must also be taken into consideration when giving advice on bringing up children as is shown in Sameroffs 1991 transactional model, as children interact with their environmen ts, while the caregiver develops the childs behavior and how they will relate in future. In Ainsworth and Bowlbys view in which they both agree relationships are universal it can said that different peoples and cultures have different degrees on how long a child should be left alone, Japanese, the Chinese and the Israeli results showed Type C in a research done across cultures by one Marinus van Ijzendoorn and Peter Kroonenberg in 1988. Problems could also be with the ethological view of drawing comparisons between children and the young ones of animals as they could be controlled by an instinct. Bowlby considered only the effect on the child by the caregiver yet other factors could affect this such as the child moods. A mother whose child has a thorny mood could prefer to work and leave their child in a day facility which in turn could have a negative effect on the mother being unable to leave the child behind with other people. The mothers patience and the look of the goodness of fit Chess and Thomas (1984) could impact on the behavior and a reflection on the attachmen t link between the child and mother. Bowbly and Ainsworth were together in the development of secure links as per the sensitive mothering of a child in its first year but it could have an impact on the mother as argued by Woollet and Pheonix in 1991, where if she has to give up all her earlier duties and work possibly leading to frustrations. A workable alternative is to share the responsibility of parenting but this would be in contrast to Ainsworth and Bowlbys opinion. The showing of the movie A Two-Year-Old Goes to Hospital, by James Robertson in 1952 showed the stress and pains of a child separated from the mother during a long stay in hospital. During this period mothers were advised not to pay regular visits to their children while in hospital. According to Ainsworth and Bowlby the separation of the child could have terribly affected its emotional wellbeing and the bonding process. Separation and providing alternative means for taking care of the child have been researched on more recently. Day care was among the topics researched into by Bowlby and he believed that if a child started nursery schooling before attaining three years of age, it would also cause irreparable damage to the child. However, recent studies done during the 70s and 80s have shown varying opinions and this was proved in a research carried out by Laurence Steinberg and Jan Belsky in 1978 and in yet another study done by Clarke-Stewart and Fein (1983). A much later study don e by Belsky (1988), had different views as mothers who worked for more than 20 hours a week showed a higher level of insecure attachment as compared to his earlier study which found absolutely no problems with taking children for day care, Clarke-Stewart opposed this data. Other crucial factors that needed to be taken into consideration according to Belsky were the difference in the surroundings, the children in the day care facility, the staff at the day care and the quality of the day care.

Relevant leadership theories in relation to Steve Jobs

Relevant leadership theories in relation to Steve Jobs Introduction The topic of leadership has continued to be a subject of interest in the modern world both from practitioners as well as academics and the extensive research for decades has not exhausted the topic (Bennis W. , 2007). Leadership has an influence on all the facets of business. Organizations are often successful because of the set of relationships existing between the leaders and the followers. Through this essay efforts are made to apply relevant leadership theories in relation to Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Inc, one of the most commended leaders of recent times. An attempt is made to evaluate Steve Jobs leadership style using the following theories Hersey-Blanchard Situational Theory (Hersey Blanchard, 1988), Transactional Leadership (Bass, 1985; Adair 1990), Transformational leadership (Goodwin, Woffard Whittington, 2001; Tichy Devanna, 1986; Yammarino Dublinsky, 1994, Bass, 1990)theory will be used. After reviewing the literature on leadership theories relevant to this case study, based on the frameworks it will be argued whether Steve Jobs can be considered as an effective leader. Literature Review Today leadership is the one of the most known management topic at the same time attempts to understand still represents a challenge. A single definition cannot encompass many aspects of leadership (Bennis Nanus, 1985:4; Pfeffer, 1977; Kenny Zaccaro, 1983; Lord, DeVader, Alliger, 1986; Kirkpatrick Locke, 1991). The various theories of leadership help to solve somewhat the ambiguity of the definition . One of the reason for popularity to the leadership topic is that leaders action or inaction can effect people, not only in the success of an enterprise, but also in social field i.e.a group, an organization or a larger entity or a nation. (Hollander, 1992) The review of literature shows the concept of leaders trait and characteristics in the earlier studies of leadership {Bass (1990); Curphy, and Hogan (1994);S. A. Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991) ; Kenny and Zaccaro (1983); Zaccaro, Foti,et al., (1991) ; Ferentinos (1996); Howard and Bray (1988)} and later theories considering various contextual environment of leadership along with the followers (Hollander, 1992). The research on leadership has evolved from the great man theory to the trait theory to behaviourist theory to Situational theory to contingency theory to transactional theory and to transformational leadership (Bolden, Gosling, Marturano, Dennison, 2003) Hersey Blanchard situational theory (McKenna E. , 2000) This model adopt consideration to relationship and task behaviour . It extends these two dimensions of leadership to four styles i.e. tell, sell, participation, and delegation. Maturity consists of two parts-job maturity and psychological maturity. Job maturity relates to technical knowledge and task-relevant skills. Psychological maturity relates to feelings of self-confidence and ability, peoples willingness to take responsibility for directing their own behaviour. Emphasis is placed on matching a style of leadership to the maturity of subordinates, and this relationship is important in determination of leadership effectiveness (Hersey Blanchard 1982). Tell : A task oriented and directive style where highly immature subordinates would be told what to do. Sell: A relationship oriented style where Subordinates on the low side of maturity, would be persuaded that a particular course of action is the most appropriate. Subordinates on the high side of maturity will be treated with a certain amount of consideration and support would be allowed to Participate in decision making . Delegation: where subordinates, highly mature will be considered capable of exercising self-direction and self control, and a high degree of autonomy. Most important in Hersey and Blanchards theory is the focus on truly situational nature of leadership and their recognition of the need for behaviour flexibility on the part of the leader (Yukl, 1981). Barrrow (1977) and Yukl (1981) argue that though the model is prescriptive for measuring leader style, style range, and effectiveness it merits much less favourable evaluations. The concept of task-relevant maturity that has been conceptually ambiguous. According to a study by Graeff (1983), it has internal consistency problems, substantial conceptual contradiction, problems with the conceptual definition of relationship behaviour and inconsistent arguments regarding the appropriateness of participative decision making contribute. Transactional and Transformational Leadership Transactional leadership occurs when one person takes the initiative in making contact with others for the purpose of an exchange of something valued; that is, leaders approach followers with an eye toward exchanging (Burns, 1978) In transactional leadership, leaders gain control of their subordinates through praise, intimidation and coercion. The transactional leader specifies the standards for compliance, and may punish followers for being out of compliance with those standards (Bass Avolio, 1997). Transactional models of leadership emphasize the implicit social exchange, or transaction, that exists between leader and followers as a feature of effectiveness. This transactional approach emphasizes a more active role for followers, with the potential for two-way influence, rather than coerced compliance (Hollander, 1992) According to Bryant (2003) Consequence of transactional leadership workers are not motivated to give anything beyond what is clearly specified in their contract. Workers may also choose to utilize their excess brain capacity by consulting or starting their own business if they are not challenged and rewarded for extra effort in the firm. The transactional leadership theory is known for its in-ward looking and self-satisfying feel, known to be most appropriate for a culture with stable conditions. (McKenna E. , 2006). Burns (1978) idea of the leader as a transforming agent has been applied to organizational leadership by Bass (1985) and Bennis and Nanus (1985) especially as a source of exceptional performance. The essential point is that the leader strives to go beyond the bounds of the usual to bring about a change in followers thinking that will redirect their action(Fiedler House, 1988). The central concept in transformational leadership theory is change and the role of leadership in envisioning and implementing the transformation of organisational performance (Bolden, Gosling, Marturano, Dennison, 2003) Transformational leaders create an atmosphere conducive to knowledge creation, sharing and exploitation. In particular, by using charisma, encouraging intellectual development and by paying individual attention to workers, transformational leaders motivate their workers to create and share knowledge. Transformational leaders inspire workers on to higher levels of innovation and effectiveness.(Bryant, 2003) Transformational leadership has been shown to have a positive relationship with performance.(Lowe, Kroeck, Sivasubramaniam) Despite the support that transformation leadership theory received there are still weakness which is identified by Yulk (1999) that is the transformational behaviours are found to be missing in Bass (1996) which are identified as inspiring (infusing the work with meaning), developing (enhancing follower skills and self-confidence), and empowering (Providing significant voice and discretion to followers). Authors (Bass 1985, 1996 ; Pawar Eastman, 1997; Pettigrew, 1987) are of the view that the situational variables which are missed may increase the likelihood of transformational leadership or moderate its effect on followers. Transformational leadership theory can have several detrimental consequences for the organisations as identified by (Harrison 1987; Stephens, DIntino, and Victor (1995); Porter, L. W., Bigley, G. A. 1997) first is that followers transformed to high degree of emotional involvement which makes them burn out their long-standing stress secondly, was being biased toward the top management, customers at the cost of others of the employees thirdly, different leaders with competing visions can create role ambiguity and role conflict. Bass and Steidlmeier (1999) argue that transformational leadership is unethical, it may appeal to emotions rather than to reason and it lacks the checks and balances of democratic discourse and power distribution. Yulk (1999) argues that the theory deals primarily with the leader follower behaviour and has given less attention at the group and organisational level. Part three Background to Case Study Critical Analysis In the late 1970s, Jobs, with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, Mike Markkula, and others, designed, developed, and marketed one of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers, the Apple II series. Steve Jobs is the CEO of Apple, which he co-founded in 1976. In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of the mouse-driven graphical user interface which led to the creation of the Macintosh. After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs resigned from Apple and founded NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the higher education and business markets. Apples subsequent 1996 buyout of NeXT brought Jobs back to the company he co-founded, and he has served as its CEO since 1997. Steve also co-founded and was the CEO of Pixar Animation Studios, which created some of the most successful and beloved animated films of all time including Toy Story, A Bugs Life, Monsters, Inc., Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Cars and Ratatouille. Pixar merged with The Walt Disney Company in 2006 and Steve now serves on Disneys board of directors. Jobs also previously served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the board of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, following the acquisition of Pixar by Disney. With Steve Job , Apple commands a dedicated consumer base and is know for its premium brands like iPad, iPhone, iPod, iTunes etc . Apples success is known under Steve Jobs Leadersip. Although it is not easy to characterize Steve Jobs leadership style to any one particular theory, to evaluate his leadership style two theories of leadership will be used the Transactional and Transformational theory and secondly the Hershey Blanchards situational theory. Steve Jobs leadership style seems to be both transactional and transformational theory. According to Bass (1985) and Burn (1978) both these theories more complementary than being competitive. Steve Jobs as a Transformational Leader As per the above literature review, transformational leaders are charismatic, vision oriented, encouraging intellectual development of their followers, inspiring and motivating to higher levels of effectiveness. The aspects that strongly claim that Steve Jobs leadership shows signs of transformational leadership is his charismatic personality. According to Rakesh Khurana (2002) Steve Jobs, the New Age wunderkind of Apple revered for his sucess in introducing people to the personal computer that could gaurantee our freedom (Khurana, 2002). As Steve Wozniak , the co-founder with Jobs of the Apple , tersely noted : he can always couch things in the right words . Steve Job is described as heart and soul of Apple. (Patterson, 1985) What was visionary about Jobs approach -where he surely added value- was his evangelical zeal to show people the future potential of the product. With this vision as foresight has caused Jobs to be dubbed the priceless proselytizer.(Uttal, 1985) Cocks (1983) argues that Apples co-founder, Steve Wozniak, blodly stated that Jobs did not understand computers, and the actual design of the machine has been widely credited to Wozniak. But as Wozniak also said, it never crossed my mind to sell computers. It was Steve who said Lets hold them up in the air and sell a few. It was Jobs who insisted that the computer be light and trim, well designed in muted colors. Jobs likewise pushed his engineers to make machines that will not frighten away a skittish clientele. (Cocks, 1983) Butcher (1988) argues that Jobs a perfectionist, adn as the organsiation gre, many in Apple experienced this as intolerance and self-absorption. Steve Hawkins an employee said Jobs such a perfectionist that people can never please him , hes extermly ambitious , almost to the point of megalomania.(Butcher, 1988) Transformational leadership is about encouraging innovation, bringing about a change in the thinking of its followers and being visionary in implementing transformation in the organisation performance. Steve Jobs as a transformational leader is seen in his efforts to bring innovative digital technology to mass consumer so that they can open their wallet(Deutschman, 2001). Evidence of Steve Jobs vision in making innovation accessible was Apple is committed to bringing the best personal computing experience to students, educators, creative professionals and consumers around the world through its innovative hardware, software and Internet offerings (Young, 2005) In terms of motivation and inspiring employees to give their best of performance is a characteristic of transformational leadership . Evidence of Steve Jobs motivating and inspiring his employees is when Job when first spoke of any new idea to his employees not everyone thought it to be a successful product also at times the employees were not keen on working on such new ideas. But Jobs along with his employees was able to convert the innovative ideas into a technology which changed the way digital technology is used today . Whether it is the Macintosh computer or the newly launched ipad or iphone. It was Jobs leadership which motivated and inspired and Apple created the systems and structures that were able to convert knowledge into a valuable product. Job challenge engages his employees to reach nearly impossible goals(Bryant, 2003) (MCB UP Ltd, 2002). Job used inspiring speeches to keep his employees motivated and convey his innovative ideas to them(Harvey, 2001) Butcher (1989) agrues with an evidence by Steve Hawkins, employee of Apple puts it that most of the people werent good enough for him and would really be in a state of shock after encounters with Steve. Also Steve was very ambitious along with perfectionist and that caused a lot of trouble with moral. Young (2005) adds that apple employees were pushed to the best of their capability and performance and interactions with Steves were the ones which most of the employees feared. According to Peter Elkind (2008) Steve job has conflicting behaviours and he often had his subordinates to tears and in his angry temper he fires the employees. And yet the top management has worked with him for years and they give credit Jobs for the best job they ever did was only with him.(Elkind, 2008) Steve Job in an interview stated that he has really capable people and his job is to make the whole of his executive team good enough to be successors, so thats what hes trying to do, to push them he has aggressive visions (Morris, 2008). As an Evidence the discussion of Steve job with Morris (2008) sheds light to the criticism made by researchers Steidlmeier (1999); Yukl (1999) about the transformational leadership style in the literature review and steves transformational leadership style shows the unethical or unmoral dimensions of transformational leadership style. Also Steve jobs interactions are limited to the top management and he states that his job is to work with sort of the top 100 people, among the 20000 people at Apple. This shows his interactions are not closely related with the majority of his employees. (Morris, 2008) Steve Jobs as a Transactional Leader In addition to the above arguments about the leadership style of Steve Job. Bryant (2003) is of view that Job exhibited a combination of transformational and transactional leadership style and this helped him sucess in Apple. According to Bryant (2003) Job when visited the Xerox Parc and he took a vision of how future computers should operate. And he made his employees create the systems and structures in his company Apple where knowledge was converted into valuable products e.g. the Macintosh personal computer. The transformational leadership style was used in his vision to change the way personal computer will be operated in future and transactional leadership style was used when he incorporated his vision into reality by making his the products with the help of his employees. In an interview with Morris (2008) Steve talks about his role in the company is to recruit at the same time focus on its strategy and manage the whole business from different departments and people of the company and this is a characteristics of a transactional leadership style. Hersey Blanchard situational theory applied to Steve Jobs Steve Jobs leadership style is more reliant on his followers skills and capabilities. The Hersey Blanchard situational theory model emphasis on matching a style of leadership to the maturity of subordinates this relationship shows the determination of leadership effectiveness as mentioned in the literature review. The way job leads and his style relates to this theory . The delegating style M4-S4 is evident from Steve interview with Morris (2008) where he says that if he has hired good people and they have potential he would give them a business and left them run on their own and when a good idea comes, part of my job is to move it around, just see what different people think, get people talking about it, get ideas moving among that group of 100 people, get different people together to explore different aspects of it . The participating style M3-S3 of Hersey Blanchard situational theory is where Jobs talks about the way he takes a new idea to his employees is the environment of excellence and how his employes are self motivated , he does coach them at first and inspires them and then the employees surprise him time and again with the best of their performance (Gendron, 1989). In aanand2010-08-29T23:01:00 Did not get this para. Review it televsion interview (Cringely, 1996) Steve jobs telling style M1-S1 was evident Where he argues that he is committed to the vision and rather than for money and that he has been there always for the ultimate good of the company and there has been cases where they stopped their internal work and people did not like it and but he got a better deal for the company . this radical nature of dealing with things shows he used telling style of the Hershey Blanchard theory. Conclusion: personal reflection and recommendation In contrast to Steve Job, the managing director at my work place was a person who believed in group work at the same time allowed creative talent and ideas from each person. He involved employees in the decision making and took individual views on various projects of the company. The success of Apple following return of Steve Job is credited to the effective leadership Steve has used. The review of the literature and the theories applied to Steve Jobs and my personal experience has opened my mind to areas where Steve style of leadership can progress and can be further developed. According to Bass (1985) Leaders are central to the process of creating cultures, structures and systems that fosters knowledge creation, sharing and cultivation. Certain Industries have faster rates of technological, higher level of regulation and higher competition levels and these factors impact the leaders of the organisations (Bryant, 2003). Hence, a lesson learnt from leadership is that a leader can judge the situation and can adapt different style of leadership and this makes a leader more effective and efficient. In Steve jobs style of leadership a soft approach adopted with his employees will prove him to be more affective. Because his job involves handling people who are highly knowledgeable in the field of technology, being soft on his employees or benevolent leadership can help him get best of their performance and in return profit from his human resources and realise his vision.

dress codes :: essays research papers

Are School Uniforms Good Or Bad?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A safe and structured learning environment is the first requirement of a good school. Children who feel safe and secure will better learn basic American values.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For some schools violence may be a minor issue. For other schools it may be a daily concern. Threats of violence can keep students away from school. To make schools, safer everyone can and must help stop the violence that goes on at school. By everyone helping we can help solve the problem. I believe school uniforms should be required in public schools because it will help stop violence, lower cost for parents and help kids learn at school.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One reason for having school uniforms is to stop violence that is goes on at schools. By having mandatory uniforms students can no longer bring weapons to school. Weapons are hard to conceal when wearing school uniforms. â€Å"American public schools are facing violence on campus at an unprecedented rate. The National School Board Association estimates that approximately 135,000 guns are brought to America’s 85,000 public schools on a daily basis.† (Madrid 1) When students wear street clothes they have more places to hide weapons. By wearing school uniforms fewer weapons are brought to school and school functions. When weapons aren’t brought to school the school is a safe and structured learning environment. Students can no longer wear bagging clothes to hide weapons. Gangs usually wear bagging clothes to hide guns and drugs. The statistics say that schools having a school uniform policy have seen a decrease in crime. Long Beach Unified School District was the first large urban school district in the United States to require school uniforms. They have seen substantial decreases in crime in the past five years since they have required uniforms. One incredible reduction was that sex offenses have decreased 93%.

Professional Wrestling :: essays research papers

Current Issues  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Professional Wrestling   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When some people hear the word wrestling they think of â€Å"2 points takedown† or headgear and singlets. But most people think of the WWF, WCW, NWO, and the WolfPac. They think of names such as Hollywood Hogan, Sting, Stone Cold, Diamond Dallas Page, and Golberg. If you have been alive in today’s TV culture, you have undoubtedly heard these names.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although professional wrestling has been enjoying newfound success lately, it is not a new sport by any means. Professional Wrestling has been around since the 1800’s but it was mainly confined to barns and other small areas with people betting on the winner. These were often bloody and dangerous fights. Dangerous for the wrestlers as well as the audience as sometimes the fight would spill out into the crowd.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Professional Wrestling became more of a spectator sport in the early to mid 1900’s, but it resembled very little of what we think of Professional Wrestling today. Today, as opposed to old-time wrestling, it is just a spectator event with people cheering for a â€Å"hero† against a â€Å"vilian†. Most all matches are set up in a way that there is always one crowd favorite, and one that the crowd hates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today Professional Wrestling is no longer a sport but a entertainment industry. The fights are rigged, the wrestling is fake, and the only thing real about wrestling is the money. Millions of dollars are generated by professional wrestling. TV contracts, t-shirts, posters, Video games, movies. These all generate enough money and interest to make professional wrestling the most watched entertainment event today. One of the reasons that wrestling has become such a powerful force in entertainment is that it has all the action of a Jackie Chan movie, all the drama of ER and all of the â€Å"eye-candy† of Baywatch.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I am going to tell you some of todays biggest stars and give you a little background on them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most entertaining people in professional wrestling is current world champion Goldberg. Goldberg grew up as a doctors son in Oklahoma with his two brothers. Goldberg was even an imposing future at a young age as he was a bouncer in a bar at age 17. He went on to play college football at SEC power Georgia. As a Georgia Bulldog, Goldberg earned all-confernce honors as a nose-guard and was drafted by the Atlanta Falcons and eventually ended his career as a LA Ram. Goldberg was not done bashing skulls after he hurt his knee though. He shaved his head and got a tattoo and followed many former football players into Pro wrestling.

Trading Peace For Profits :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the Bible says â€Å"To everything there is a season, a time for every purpose under Heaven†. Woodstock 1969, it was a time for love ... and hate. In a country with race riots and the Vietnam war a single dove perched on a guitar neck changed America for ever and brought a new light to the world in just 72 hours. Dubbed â€Å"three days of peace and love† the legacy of Woodstock spawned a sequel...Woodstock 1999. To go into all the differences between Woodstock 69 and Woodstock 99 is a task that couldn’t be completed by Woodstock 2004(which is already in the works). From psychedelic fields to Wall Street; materialistic movers and shakers of the 1980’s and ’90’s; are our parents really the long hairs of love and peace , half stoned music lovers of the sixties? When did it all change when did they change? Woodstock and what happened there after presents the changes in the views of society in a microcosm. The love and peace in 69 to a aggressive show of â€Å"teenage angst† in 99; what has the legacy of Woodstock really been Free love and communal sharing to the hyper merchandising and materialism; Idealism to Disillusionment. How we have changed...can we ever â€Å" make our way back to the garden?†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In comparing these two event one must realize the decades which separates them and more importantly what has taken place in the world since 1969. The people who were in attendance in 69. were not part of the instant access world. computers were for scientist not a tool for spanning the glob to speak about everything from the latest music to sex with your cyber friends in Australia. America was the still unquestionable the champions of the world coming out of World War II and Korea. Every child could look forward to doing as well or better than his or her parents. In other words America was riding high in a golden age with only one major pitfall; Vietnam. How does a generation tell the last generation of warrior that they don’t want to fight. The war started by the older generation is not their war. They ban together or they come together in what can only be described as a â€Å"happening† the proportions of which no one could have predicted. The peaceful shock waves of which were heard around the world, the harmony and love of which we have been trying to recapture since.

Top 10 Characteristics of schools that are Multicultural

1. The school curriculum incorporates the contributions of many cultural groups and integrates multiple perspectives throughout it. 2. Teachers and administrators are able to deal with questions of race, inter- group relations, and controversial realities on an objective, frank, and professional basis. 3. Differences in academic achievement levels disappear between males and females, dominant and oppressed group members, and upper-middle-class and low-income students. 4. Instructional materials are free of biases, omissions, and stereotypes. 5. The teachers and administrators show respect for the students' first languages and dialects 6. Cultural differences are treated as differences, rather than as deficiencies that must be addressed in compensatory programs. 7. Students are able to use their own cultural resources and voices to develop new skills and to critically explore subject matter. 8. Students learn to recognize and confront inequities in school and society. 9. The composition of the faculty, administration, and other staff accurately reflects the pluralistic composition of the United States. 10. The faculty, administrators, and other staff see themselves as learners enhanced and changed by understanding, affirming, and reflecting cultural diversity. I feel that theses top ten characteristics are list in the correct order from most important to least important. Even though I do not feel there should be something that is not as important when it comes to this subject. I think that each of all ten is just as important. My first important is the school making sure that they incorporate different kinds of cultural groups into their class room this makes it so that all the student know what their cultural believes are they are all included in the class. I also feel it is important that teachers are able to deal with questions and have an understanding of how to answer the question about the different cultural. Gollnick, D. , & Chinn, P. (2006). Multicultural education in a pluralistic society. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall

China – Economic Development Essay

Kimberly Remijan MWH Mr. Harvey The Pros Outweigh the Cons When one thinks of a major Chinese city such as Shanghai or Beijing, images of sidewalks overcrowded with pedestrians, thousands of bicycles lined on the streets and litter spotted throughout public areas may come to mind. However, with the modernization and industrialization China has gone through, urban citizens are now more frequently using public transport, automobiles are increasingly being used more and people are hired to keep streets as clean as possible.With a little over three decades having past since the major industrial development, China has industrialized at an astonishing rate. This is especially apparent when comparing its much higher industrializing rates to Japan, the UK and the US. With such high rates of growth, there are both negative and positive aspects that come out of such development. Although general health in China is not at its best, post 1980 industrial development has improved the average Chine se citizen’s life tremendously both personally and publically.Through the rush of industrialization, Chinese industry and production has had a negative effect on the health of citizens because of the air pollution from coal, water pollution from factory emissions and the inhumane working conditions for some people. The production of coal, a major industry in China, emits sulfur compounds, carbon and other byproducts into the air, which increases the risks of cancer, lung and heart issues. â€Å"Sulfur dioxide produced in coal combustion poses an immediate threat to the health of China’s citizens, contribution to about 40,000 premature deaths a year† (Bradsher and Barboza).This not only affects the physical welfare of workers but anyone who is exposed to this tainted air. Sulfur dioxide emitted from coal combustion also contributes to acid rain, poisoning bodies of water and vegetation. â€Å"Nearly 500 million people lack access to safe drinking water† (K han and Yardley). With people running the risk of being dehydrated, it is hard to imagine that they can have a healthy immune system and enough energy to function properly. Also, it is much more difficult to move forward in life without having clean water for hygiene and food urposes. Lastly, the horrendous working conditions for some workers in factories are destroying their health. People work where there are no regards to human safety, and live in overpopulated housing and do not have common household appliances, resulting in about 5,000 deaths annually (â€Å"Great Leap Backward†). This affects the comfort and safety of workers, resulting in physical and emotional unhappiness. However, even though it true that the health of many is at stake, there are many other effects of industrialization that citizens are benefitting from as well.In the past few decades, citizens have been experiencing the personal benefits of higher income, a growing middle class and wider choice and availability of household appliances and comforts. Many citizens, especially those living rurally, are seeing an increase in income. â€Å"The number of rural poor people decreased from 49. 6 million to 28. 2 million in 2002† (â€Å"China Sees Improvements†). With more money to spare, many people are now able to spend on more, better quality food, hygiene, business, education for their children and other factors that create a life with more opportunities for the present and the future.Also, the middle class has recently been growing and developing. â€Å"China’s growing middle class has made it to the second largest luxury good market in the world† (Rapoza). A growing middle class means that the general economy is improving, and there is higher demand for goods. Factories then need to be created, more jobs are available and there is more production. The lower class gets smaller and the middle and upper class grows, which benefits everyone. This then leads on to household appliances becoming more affordable and available to the population. Household appliances such as TV sets, washing machines and refrigerators became more common, and an increasing number of families acquired computers and cars† (â€Å"China Sees Improvements†). With such comforts being more widely used than in the past, people are able to live more comfortably and happily. The benefits for the common people do not stop here. On a public level, public transportation is now being frequently used and education as well as heath-care is more available and accessible to citizens.Public transport such as buses, trains, airplanes and boats are being developed and utilized by many. â€Å"China will build or renovate 150 airports†¦harness water routes along major rivers†¦build 20 thousand kilometers of roads†¦and 6,000 kilometers of railways† (â€Å"China to Witness Development†). Going back a few years ago when China mostly used bicy cles to get to and from places, this burst of transportation development is huge. Not only is it available to many now but the government also continues to improve such means of transport, which will make business, travel, trading and communication much easier.It gets even better as the government focuses much of its time and money on spreading opportunities for education throughout the country. â€Å"In the nine-year compulsory education, the central government remitted 52 million students from underdeveloped western and central regions their tuition fees and extras† (â€Å"China Economic Growth†). With education being available to all social and economic classes in China, there is opportunity for a great social leap in the future. With proper schooling, young adults are able to be exposed to more job opportunities and are able to support their families and work their way out of poverty.Similarly, there have been efforts made to increase availability and quality of co mmon medical care throughout the nation. â€Å"As conditions of medical care continue to improve, people’s health has come to a higher level with the average life expectancy reaching 71. 8 years in 2002† (â€Å"China Sees Improvements†). With healthcare conditions getting better and people living longer, it is apparent that people’s life standards are improving. Increased life expectancy generally means that there is better hygiene, health and environment than in the past.Through these three effects that have come out of industrialization, it is apparent that the public is affected positively in many ways. Even though the health situation with some Chinese citizens is not at its peak, post 1980 industrial development in China has colossally increased living standards of many on both a personal and public level. People have and are earning more salary, a middle class is emerging and developing and household applications are now more accessible. Additionall y, public transportation is more developed and utilized and education and healthcare availability and quality is improving.All these benefits are wonderful, but there is still the matter of people’s health being negatively affected by coal production and the conditions workers go through to produce coal and other goods in factors. Before coming up with conclusions, one must look at this issue in context. First of all, the rate at which China is industrializing is much higher than nations in the past, such as the UK taking 150 years and Japan taking 40 years to completely industrialize. With China’s growth spurt being so huge, there are bound to be some consequences in order to achieve all the other benefits stated previously.Additionally, while still comparing China to past industrial development periods, the UK used to also have bad working conditions in the cities with factories emitting outrageous amounts of pollution. With some time and effort, these conditions imp roved and more ecofriendly factories and machinery was used. The same goes for Japan and the US. The odds point to China doing the same as well because of the following reasons. With increased education and income, citizens young and old are becoming more aware of their environmental and health situation.Also, with all the efforts the government is putting into healthcare for its people, it is apparent that their wellbeing is being put into consideration. Hopefully this will lead to actions for the long term by eliminating inhumane working conditions and harm to the environment. If China continually seeks the example of other leading countries and keeps in pace with their efforts for the environment, one can see that the benefits of post 1980 industrialization will continue to and grow in outweighing the negatives of the harmful conditions and factories.

Consumer Perception towards Organic Food Products in India Essay

Consumers worldwide are becoming health conscious and are concerned about nutrition (Hart, 2000) and the quality of food consumed. Consumers are also increasingly concerned with food safety issues taking into consideration, the recent salmonella case in Germany and elsewhere. Gil, Gracia and Sanchez (2000) have investigated that consumers are getting health conscious and are paying more attention to quality of food consumed. Therefore, food must deliver an added value that are sought after by consumers besides basic hedonistic and functional needs such as nutrition, taste, health, favorable price-quality ratio, etc., in the selection of food. This added value may be perceived in the form of ecological, social and individual bene? t. A study on consumer perception towards organic food products may add insight into the nascent but emerging organic food industry in India. The review of related literature in the area of organic food products and consumer perception studied has provided many insights for the study. It has also provided direction in designing the present study. A number of researchers have identi? ed various factors that in? uence consumer perception of organic food products mainly in developed countries. Some studies have also been undertaken in Asian countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Very few researchers have attempted to focus in detail the various factors that in? uence consumer perception towards organic food. Having reviewed several studies and having identi? ed the gap, the investigator felt an imperative need to undertake the present investigation. Keywords: Demographic Factors, Organic Food Products and Psychographic Factors In? uencing Consumer Perception Organic Food in India The organic food market in India is at a nascent stage. Country speci? c research undertaken by A. C. Neilsen in 2006 has indicated that Indians are among the top ten buyers of food with health supplements but lack access to organic food products. Due to high logistic cost & low volume operation, organic food products are costly. However, India is an emerging player in the export market with billions of export potential. Also the domestic market is characterized by limited retail presence, low certi? ed branded produce and a small range of organic product offerings with respect to varieties though marginal growth is becoming evident. Some of the exclusive retail outlets selling organic food products in and around Bangalore are Hypermart, Spar, Spencer’s, ADITYA Birla group’s More outlet etc. Branded organic food products like ProNature, Navadarshanam, ITC’s Aashirvaad Organic Spices, etc. , are also available at most super-markets. Arogya, Jaivika Krishik Society, Econet, Janodaya, Era Organics, Khnadige, Foodworld Gourmet, Koshy’s Departmentals, organ, Green Channel, Namdhari’s Fresh, Green Fundas, Savayava Siri, Health Fo od, Srinidhi Nysargika Thota, Iha Naturals, Tibetian Organic, Iskon, Plant Rich, Jaiva and 2 4 Letter Mantra. 304 Business Management and Information Systems Literature Review Organic food is a topic of great interest in the USA (Greene, 2000), Europe (Food and agriculture Organization, 1999) and the market is fast growing in other parts of the globe (Yusse? and Willer, 2002). Crutch? eld and Roberts (2000) expressed that the last one decade has witnessed growing public concern towards issues such as health, nutrition and safety. Introduction of genetically modi? ed organisms, spread of Escherichia coli infections, etc. , have lead to the association of risk with the consumption of conventionally grown produce amongst consumers (Williams and Hammitt, 2001). Makatouni (2002) studied that organic food is closely associated with not just health, but also with social, economic and ecological sustainability. Organic food products is amongst the fastest growing areas of the food market in Europe, Northern America, Australia and Japan with sales exceeding $114. 5 billion in 1999 (Ebrahimi, 2007) with plent y of international growth potential according to agricultural & food industry experts. Organic food market in the South East Asian region constitutes average consumption of 20% per annum, while the organic industry is valued at US $25 million (Ramli, 2005;Organic Monitor, 2006). Research Gap Based on the above literature review, the following research gaps could be identi? ed and have been suggested as follows: 1. Fear over food scandals and certain technological advances such as genetic manipulation and food irradiation has heightened consumer concern on safety issues giving rise to a growing demand for quality guarantees and additional information about production methods. Despite concern towards safety of food consumed, consumers do not completely trust organic food products on this parameter and hence it is imperative to  conduct a study to identify the present scenario. 2. Country speci? c research undertaken by A. C. Neilsen has indicated that, ‘Indians amongst the top ten buyers of food with â€Å"health supplements† globally but lack access to organic food products. ’ Statement of the Problem The market for organic food products in India has emerged because of the following two reasons. †¢ To tap the lucrative export markets for organic products in the developed countries. †¢ Organic processed food products represent higher ‘added value’. †¢ Producers and Consumers general concern for environment and ideologies Incidentally, in India, most of the organic produce is grown to be exported to the $25-30 billion global market. The rest is sold at predetermined retail outlets. So, if the trend for organic p roducts is growing among producers then, its bene? ts must naturally reach the local population of a countr y. This will also ensure that the food products are nutrient rich as processing required would be minimal from the point of origin & consumption. Objectives of the Study The objective of the study is on consumer perception towards organic food products in Bangalore are as follows: a. To study the organic food market in Karnataka b. To study the relationship between demographics of customer and factors of perception of consumers towards organic food products Consumer Perception Towards Organic Food Products in India 305 c. To identify the in? uence of factors of perception on the overall satisfaction of customers towards organic food products . Hypothesis of the Study The following hypothesis was used to test the effect of perceptual factors on the overall satisfaction of consumers towards organic food p roducts. †¢? Hypothesis? 1:? There is no significant in? uence of factors on the overall satisfaction of customers towards organic food products †¢? Hypothesis? 2:? There is no signi? cant difference between demography of customers & factors of percep tion. †¢ Hypothesis 3: There is no signi? cant correlation among factors of p erception Sample Size For the present study, questionnaires were distributed to around 300 respondents, from whom 246 correctly completed questionnaires have been obtained, yielding a response rate of 81. 9 percent. Table 1. Distribution of the Sample According to Gender, Age, Educational Quali? cation, Average Spending Per Month and Frequency of Consumption. The Table 1 describes male constitution as 59% and females as 41%, the distribution of sample with reference to age wherein maximum respondents were below 30, according to education, maximum 306 Business Management and Information Systems respondents are graduates and 25% of the respondents are post graduates. fourthly, average spending is more than 1000 per month. Lastly, Maximum numbers of respondents consume organic food products on a weekly basis followed by a minimum number of respondents consuming organic food products once a month. The least amount of consumption falls in the category of once a month consumption pattern. General Findings Following are the ? ndings related to this study on consumer perception towards organic food products in Bangalore. 1. Consumers of organic food products evaluate product quality with the price theyp a y . 2. Demographic variables namely gender has a positive impact on consumer perception towards organic food products while difference in educational quali? cations do not have a signi? ca nt impact. 3. There is signi? cant impact of psychographic factors on overall satisfaction of consumers towards organic food products. 4. Consumers consider organic food products as safe for consumption. 5. The respondents have also felt that organic food products are healthy to consume 6. Consumers generally prefer to consume grain based organic food products followed closely by organic grains and organic fruits. Implications of the Study It is important to study factors that have an influence on consumer perception towards organic food products. This study helps consumers and producers/marketers of organic food products to understand the importance of various factors on overall satisfaction towards organic food products. An understanding of consumer perception leads to the creation of better marketing strategies. Here the marketers can focus on appropriate pricing and promotional methods particularly to increase the visibility of organic products to make a positive impact on their perception so as to increase potential sales in the domestic market. Consumers are both quality conscious and price sensitive. Marketers and producers should collectively work towards bringing quality produce in the market to gain market acceptance. At the same time, both marketers and producers should work in consensus with the pricing factor which is perceived to be one of the most important factors in? uencing consumer perception as well as their overall satisfaction towards organic food products. This will help marketers to formulate a strong communication plan in order to influence consumer perception towards organic food products. This study has identi? ed availability of information and promotional activities undertaken by marketers to be one of the important factors influencing consumer perception towards organic food products in Bangalore. Marketers can look into ways of increasing consumer knowledge on organic food products and help them differentiate the bene? ts of consumption of organic versus nonorganic food products. Conclusion The results of the study show that there is a signi? cant relationship between various psychographic factors on the overall satisfaction of consumers towards organic food products. This implies that both producers and marketers need to concentrate on speci? c factors so as to improve the market potential for organic food products and thereby contributing to the general well being of the society and the larger good to en viro nm ent. Consumer Perception Towards Organic Food Products in India 307 References [1] Allen, W. M. (2000). The attribute mediation of product-meaning approach to the In? uence of human values on consumer choices, Advances in Psychology R esearch, l, pp. 31–76. [2] Arzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 50, pp. 179–211. [3]Baker, S., Thompson, K. and Engelken, J. (2004). Mapping the values driving organic food choice: Germany vs. the U. K. and the U. K. vs. Germany. European Journal of Marketing, 38(8), pp. 995–1012. [4] Brown, E. , Dury, S. and Holdsworth, M. (2009). Motivations of consumers that use local, organic fruit & vegetable box schemes in Central England and Southern France. Appetite, 53, pp. 183–188. [5] Cerjak, M. , Mesic, Z. , Kopic, M. , Kovacic, D. and Markovina, J. (2010). What motivates consumers to buy organic food: Comparison of Croatia, Bosnia Herzegovina, and Slovenia. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 16, pp.

Ethical Fashion Essay

Presessional Academic English Programme 2010 Unconditional What role,if any,does ethics play in the fashion/design industry? Ethical fashion means fashion which takes into consideration the people behind the clothes we wear,as well as the environment. When you buy some clothes, you may not consider twice about where it was originally made,by whom and under what conditions. These days people like fast fashion. Fast fashion means fashion that is fast. In other word, these clothes adapt to the latest trends quickly. It gives people satisfaction using their mentality that they want to bargain.However, we should think how can they be sold with a cheap price. Maybe fast fashion helps to boost fashion industry in a short time but It has a lot of side effects environmentally. (How to write a meaning of ethical fashion is clearly outlined in this site: http://www. fairfashion. info/de/what. html) At first, fast fashion absolutely causes pollution. In a process of manufacture, making cotton ha s an effect on using vast amount of chemicals and water. For example, The Aral Sea has begun to under-go a process of desertification. Growing cotton is one of the main reason of Aral’s loss.In addition, Pesticides have used 54% annually in India which is one of the largest cotton farm. Perilous pesticides associated with the cotton production make a water pollution. Moreover, Child labourers are exposed on the risk of pesticides through participation in cotton production. That is why it is important to keep a slow fashion(opposite of fast fashion)in our life. (Environmental Justice Foundation(n. d. ). Pesticides and Cotton. Retrieved from http://www. ejfoundation. org/page332. html) (Environmental Justice Foundation. (n. d. ). Water and Cotton. Retrieved from http://www. ejfoundation. rg/page334. html) Secondly, fast fashion also damages labor environment. The power of sweatshop still exist everywhere in the world. They have no regard for worker’s rights. It happens n ot only Indian workers but also Latino workers. For instance, Aracely who is immigrant from spain has worked in the sweatshops of Los Angeles. She should know the language but this is a luxury for her. She earns only $80 in week averagely. It can’t be stretched into a living wage. When Aracely and her co-workers asked for time off on Good Friday to attend church, the owner said : â€Å"Does God give you money?If you don’t want to work,just tell me. I will find others. † They look like exactly â€Å"modern slavery†. (Mort. J. (n. d. ). Sweatshop workers speak out. In Ross. A. (Ed. ). (May,1997). No Sweat. ) (Chamberlain. G. (2010) Revealed: Gap,Next and M&S. The guardian. The observer. 8th of August. ) In Conclusion, these reason are enough to explain how many problem fast fashion has. Fast fashion impacts to circumstances and other people who works for fashion industry socially. The fashion industry does not need to be this way. Recently, many companies a re trying to find ways to produce eco-friendly clothes.In addition, shopper called the Green Sumer increases steadily. Although it is to hard that fashion consumers give up to bargain, we also can do a lot by taking more ethical approach. This is a good way to go for fashion industry now and for ever. Presessional Academic English Programme 2010 Unconditional Ethical Fashion A sample of British designer Mark Liu's ‘zero waste fashion. ‘ /Courtesy of Gyeonggi Museum of Modern Art Presessional Academic English Programme 2010 Unconditional Bibliography http://www. fairfashion. info/de/what. html http://www. ethicalfashionforum. com http://www. jfoundation. org/ Environmental Justice Foundation. (n. d. ). Pesticides and Cotton. Retrieved from http://www. ejfoundation. org/page332. html Environmental Justice Foundation. (n. d. ). Water and Cotton. Retrieved from http://www. ejfoundation. org/page334. html Orexca. com. (n. d). The History of the Aral Sea. Retrieved from http:/ /www. orexca. com/aral_sea. shtml Chamberlain. G. (2010) Revealed: Gap,Next and M. The guardian. The observer. 8th of August. Ross. A. (Ed. ). (May,1997). No Sweat. Mort. J. (n. d. ). Sweatshop workers speak out. In Ross. A. (Ed. ). (May,1997). No Sweat.

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) - Coursework Example The Social Learning theory argues that the tendencies to be involved in violent acts can be transmitted from one generation to the other. The Feminist Theory, on the other hand, argues that male dominance in the society has an overall effect on how relationships work and are based (Jewkes, 2002). From an assessment point, violence may be caused by among other factors stress from the workplace or general hardships from life itself, partners who experienced child abuse are also more likely to be involved in violent acts, poverty is also a contributing factor (Bachman & Saltzman, 1995), Use of drugs and alcohol is also another factor that causes IPV. Children who have been raised in families that have very strict family values and traditions are also likely to experience these bouts of violence (Bachman & Saltzman, 1995). From the case study, we can learn a few things. Mrs. Jacques has been through violent lifestyle right from when she was young. Based on the description of her children that have been given, the Social Learning Theory has been extended to her children by her. In addition, her youngest son has been shown to exhibit violent behavior by being very rough with her siblings and when playing and not following instructions which are traits that are directly attributable to Mr. Jacques. In another case is that where we are shown of the feminist theory. Mrs. Jacques believes that she has to be very supportive of her husband and believes that he is always right. Her mother also approves of this when she says that she should stay at home with the kids. Another assumption that has been made is where Mr. Jacques could have been violent as a result of work or his overuse of drugs. Mr. Jacques could also have come from a background that was overly strict and, thus, he might have carried forward those attributes to his family. To be able to engage the family there should be a number of factors to consider, such as the willingness of family members to be engaged. However, the first step should involve engaging the parents before heading to the kids who are obviously affected by the events in the family. Mr. Jacques needs to deal with his outbursts, get a job and also quit his drinking problem.  

Total Quality Management & its application in Coca-Cola Turkey. (How Essay

Total Quality Management & its application in Coca-Cola Turkey. (How critical is it in a rapidly developing world for the Coca-Cola Company's Turkey future to maintain Total Quality Management) - Essay Example CCI claims to be implementing TQM. Sufficient volume of literature was available on the subject of TQM, its principles and the tools to implement TQM. After review of the literature interviews were taken. The second chapter concentrates on TQM – history, principles, approach and application. Through the literature review it has been demonstrated that TQM is a process where responsibility has to be shared by all departments. Since the process of achieving TQM involves changes in the culture, there is a correlation between TQM principles and culture. The history of TQM has been discussed at length. It has been found that TQM is based on the human element in any organization and hence the principles would be the same in any country even though the culture and the behavioural patterns would differ. The definition of quality has been discussed and it has been established that TQM involves satisfaction of both the internal and the external customer. Attaining TQM also involves team work because all departments have to be in unison. To achieve TQM a quality system has to be developed and this requires understanding the needs of the customer. A proper system also enables the organizat ion to use its resources efficiently. Empowerment is the most important technique of TQM. To study the extent to which Coca-Cola’s applies the principles of TQM the methodology adopted was to examine its mission, vision, and values, which the company claims reflects in its actions. The third chapter deals with the research that was undertaken based on the assumption that a company of the magnitude of Coca-Cola could not be wrong in their claims. The study was focused on their unit in Turkey. Secondary data was collected through books, academic journal and internet articles and publications. Primary data was collected through interview of seven officials at their Turkey unit – CCI. Since there was nothing to be

Can ICT Enhance Education In The 21st Century Essay

Can ICT Enhance Education In The 21st Century - Essay Example However, little information is known about the value of the information technology in schools in the developing nations. This article looks at how ICT has influenced the level and standards of education in the 21st century, using the ICT theory and tools and the using of the relevance theory to explain how it applies to education. In the recent past, the teachers have learnt the importance of embracing ICT in their teaching programs, which have given them the relevant knowledge and made work easier for themselves as well as the students. Ager found out that there are diverse ICT tools used by different teachers in different countries, which causes a variation in the level of students understanding. The use of ICT tools in teaching and learning in the 21st century can enhance the level of education as well as the quality of education among the students, and the teachers (Ager, 1998, p.8). Using ICT will mastermind the changes in the teacher’s knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes. This is because using ICT in the education reform will bring into effect the importance of the teachers changing their attitudes in the order of teaching to create long-term sustainable change. One main hindrance to the effective implementation of this course is that the projects normally fall short of their expectations since the educationalists carry on work within the old-style vision of rote learning (Ager, 2000, p.7). In order to oversee effective implementation of the ICT tools in education, the teachers ought to realize this modern methodology of teaching is effective and should make a modification for their students. In addition, the teachers ought to have understanding and commitment, which should be particularly important in order to sustain changes in these areas, for instance project based learning systems, and the student center teaching techniques. However, the implementation of this methodology needs some primary changes for instance as a teacher instructional practic e (Blamires, 1999). Additionally, ICT can enhance changes in education in the way students engage their contents. According to (Cook, & Finlayson, 1999, p.7) the use of ICT in education can enhance changes especially in the areas, which engages research, such as the research projects. This is because research in learning science topics has proven that constructivist models of learning offer a supplementary reliable indulgence of how humans learn than previous behaviors. Besides, the different researches conducted have identified that the use of ICT technology encourages students to participate in-group activities such as teamwork or students make products, which symbolize what they are learning. Therefore, use of ICT technology can help improve the way the students interact and obtain their learning contents. Moreover, using ICT tools in education has created changes in relationships among the students, the teachers, and the parents. This has been achieved using a supportive and col laborative effort between the students and the teachers, which supports learning. The introduction of technology in learning also has enhanced the changes in the roles played by the students and the teachers. The various challenges brought about by the use of ICT in education have also enhanced the need for more involvement by the teachers and the students so that they can learn and master its use. Some various factors such as the teacher’s knowledge, time, and the tools, which are to be used, are an important factor to be considered. More importantly, the use of ICT technology has to be in line with the pedagogical goals (Forester, & Morrison, 1992, p.8), which are set forth by the education fraternity. ICT tools such as the internet has helped the students gain a self-governing